Appointed to Eternal Life - Acts 13:48
In Acts 13:14-41, Paul speaks in a synagogue in Psidian
Antioch and proclaims Jesus as the promised
Messiah. When he finishes the people plead for him to tell them more (Acts 13:42-43).
The next Sabbath nearly the whole city assembles (Acts 13:44). As Paul preaches, key
synagogue leaders reject the gospel (Acts 13:45-47); however, many Gentiles accept it—“as
many as were ordained to eternal life” (Acts 13:48).
There are three key questions that have to be addressed in
seeking to understand v. 48: 1) what does the word “ordained” mean; 2) by whom
were they ordained; and 3) on what basis were they “ordained.”
First, most scholars agree that the word “ordained” means
“appointed,” and that is certainly the ordinary sense of the word (see Acts
15:2; 22:10; 28:3). Since nothing in the text or context requires a different
sense, we should go with the ordinary sense.
Second, the text does not say who appointed them to eternal
life. The grammar requires only that their appointment took place before they
believed. The options for who appointed them to eternal life include God,
themselves, or both God and themselves. All
three are possible theologically.
God: According to Rom. 8:29, God predestined those whom he foreknew
[would believe] to be like Jesus. Eph. 1:4 teaches that God chose those [He
foreknew would be] in Christ to be holy and blameless. Since God knows all
things, He knew who would believe in Jesus and appointed them to receive
eternal life (cf. John 6:40; 1 Pet. 1:1-2).
Themselves: 1 Cor. 16:15 speaks of the house of Stephanas
appointing themselves to the service of the saints. Given this NT usage, we
could understand that the Gentiles’ appointed themselves to eternal life by
their attendance upon and acceptance of the gospel
Both: I’m inclined to think the “both” option makes the best
sense since the context highlights both divine grace and human choice. In
addition to the fact that God has ordained that all who believe shall be saved,
the context highlights God’s grace in the Gentiles’ interest in and attendance
at the preaching of the gospel (Acts 13:42, 44). Such interest testifies that God’s
grace had been at work to incline their hearts to the gospel (Acts 13:43; cf. Phil.
2:13).
On the other hand the Gentile’s choice to hear and receive
the gospel is emphasized in contrast to the Jews’ choice to reject it. Notice
what Paul says in v. 46 about the Jews who rejected the gospel: “you are
judging yourselves unworthy of everlasting life….” By rejecting
the gospel, the Jews were judging or pronouncing themselves unworthy of eternal
life. Their unworthiness was a function of their own choice. By choosing to
seek, listen to, and accept the gospel invitation, the Gentiles cooperated with God’s
prevenient grace and appointed themselves to eternal life. In this way, they
vindicate the justice of God’s prior (in eternity) appointment of them to eternal life.
Third, the basis upon which they were appointed to eternal
life is implicit in the text. With regard to their self-appointment the basis
was their desire to respond to God’s drawing grace. With regard to God’s
appointment of them, the basis was His (fore)knowledge of their acceptance of
Christ.
In sum, all those God foreknew would believe He has
appointed to eternal life. People appoint themselves to eternal life by
responding to God’s saving grace as it comes to them.
As an interesting parallel, the word “unworthy” occurs in a similar
context in Matthew 22. Jesus tells a story of a king who invited people to the
marriage feast of his son. The people, however, refused his invitations and
murdered his servants. In response, the king sent out his armies, destroyed the
murderers, burned up their city, and said “The wedding is ready; but they which
were bidden were not worthy” (Matt. 22:8). The fact that the King sent his
invitees multiple invitations indicates that the King genuinely intended for
them to come. Their unworthiness, like that of the Jews in Acts 13:46, was a
function of their choice. In contrast, those who were gathered from the
highways and hedges to the wedding feast were called “chosen” (Matt. 22:14).
Their “chosenness” came both from the King’s invitation and their response to
it.
Comments
Great post. I agree their tasso-ing was both by God and themselves, though I tend to think of it as something that happened in the immediate context (when they heard the word and were glad) rather than in eternity past. In theological terms, it's more like previenient grace or as John 6:45 says, hearing and learning from the Father, rather than predestination.
By the way, you wouldn't happen to have worked at Bob Jones University and attended a small Wesleyan church in Greenville, SC in the mid 90s?
God be with you,
Dan
Yes, I taught Greek for 5 years at BJU as a GA and worked for Extended Ed for 4 years while completing my PhD there. Attended Easley Bible Methodist Church during that time.
Blessings,
Philip
God be with you,
Dan
In the example you gave you are forcing a context of saved people appointing themselves into a context of unregenerate people appointing themselves to support you "both" appointment. This does not fit the context well though unless you are saying that that house of Stephanus was unregenerate.